Evidence library

Follow the evidence.

The published components, the proposed connections, and the source records behind the manuscripts.

The argument, link by link

What each source contributes.

Published component

Cognitive workload can change breathing

Instrumented studies and a systematic review motivate measuring ventilation and carbon dioxide during different forms of digital engagement.

Does high-arousal digital use produce a mismatch after metabolism is measured?

Published component

Orexin can modulate chemoreception

Animal and cellular work supplies a possible arousal-to-respiration bridge. It does not measure an orexin dose from a screen session.

How much of the respiratory effect of digital arousal is orexin-mediated?

Published component

Hyperventilation can change subsequent responsiveness

The six-hour passive-hyperventilation experiment separates changes in response slope from the alkalosis-related shift.

What dose and duration of real-world exposure create carryover into sleep?

Published component

Respiratory stability has measurable operating margins

Experimental and sleep-physiology studies motivate measuring reserve, controller responsiveness, and feedback behavior.

Do those variables change as the proposed digital exposure accumulates?

Published component

Stable sleep is not fully described by stage percentages

Cardiopulmonary-coupling research identifies a stability dimension associated with slow-wave expression.

How much functional restoration is lost to sub-threshold instability?

Proposed integration

Repeated digital arousal produces a durable respiratory shift

The framework connects acute mismatch to persistent neural and, at sustained exposure, biochemical adaptation.

Can the full exposure-to-carryover sequence be measured prospectively?

New prediction

Baseline stability changes the acute evening effect

A continuous moderation hypothesis derived from the author’s changing response to pre-bed exposure.

Does a matched evening challenge produce less instability after measured respiratory improvement?

Proposed integration

Non-REM fragmentation can affect emotional restoration through REM

The revised core retains a sleep-mediated emotional pathway, without requiring direct amygdala acid sensing.

Does the measured sequence from respiratory change to sleep to emotion mediate outcomes?

Cross-manuscript bibliography

The source index.

Download BibTeX

134 distinct manuscript sources: 128 verified direct records and six labeled title searches. Eleven related records are included where they help resolve or contextualize a citation. Bibliographic verification identifies a paper; it does not validate every inference made from it.

145 source records
2026
Human case report

Reversible conversion of moderate obstructive sleep apnea to severe behavioral hyperventilation-induced central sleep apnea under pandemic-related psychological stress: a case report

18. Shiroshita N, Shiota S, Kawana F, et al. Reversible conversion of moderate obstructive sleep apnea to severe behavioral hyperventilation-induced central sleep apnea under pandemic-related psychological stress: a case report. Sleep Sci Pract. 2026;10:5.

2026
Human laboratory dose-comparison study; 16 healthy volunteers

Effects of controlled carbon dioxide delivery by a novel device on sleep in healthy subjects

Liang SF, He BT, Wellman A, Chen YY, Wang Y, Deng XB, Vakulin A, Steier J, Schwartz AR, Luo YM. Effects of controlled carbon dioxide delivery by a novel device on sleep in healthy subjects. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2026;140(3):830-837. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01053.2025

Verified publication is 2026 and authors begin Liang SF, He BT (not Liang M, He X).
2025
Scoping review and commentary

The impact of 4% versus 3% hypopnea scoring criteria on obstructive sleep apnea diagnosis in women: a scoping review and commentary

1. Chou CA, Khan A, Singh A. The impact of 4% versus 3% hypopnea scoring criteria on obstructive sleep apnea diagnosis in women: a scoping review and commentary. Sleep Sci Pract. 2025;9(1):29.

2025
Research article

The SIK3-N783Y mutation is associated with the human natural short sleep trait

Chen H, Xing Y, Wan C, Zhang Z, Shi Z, Liang Y, Jin C, Chen Y, Zhou X, Xu J, Ptáček LJ, Fu YH, Shi G. The SIK3-N783Y mutation is associated with the human natural short sleep trait. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025;122(19):e2500356122. doi:10.1073/pnas.2500356122

The title and lead author initials in the supplied reference are inaccurate. Verified title is The SIK3-N783Y mutation is associated with the human natural short sleep trait; first authors Chen H, Xing Y, Wan C.
2025
Research article

Dose-response relationship between evening exercise and sleep

Leota J, Presby DM, Le F, Czeisler MÉ, Mascaro L, Capodilupo ER, Wiley JF, Drummond SPA, Rajaratnam SMW, Facer-Childs ER. Dose-response relationship between evening exercise and sleep. Nat Commun. 2025;16(1):3297. doi:10.1038/s41467-025-58271-x

2025
Human postmortem anatomical study

Characterisation of putative retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) chemoreceptor neurons in the adult human brainstem

Kumar NN, Shepherd GM, Machaalani R, et al. (2025). Characterisation of the adult human RTN. bioRxiv preprint.

The cited preprint shorthand resolves to a peer-reviewed 2025 article with Liu as first author. The published anatomical characterization identifies putative human RTN neurons; it is not a functional intervention study.
2024
Research article

Sleep patterns and risk of chronic disease as measured by long-term monitoring with commercial wearable devices in the All of Us Research Program

Zheng NS, Annis J, Master H, Han L, Gleichauf K, Ching JH, Nasser M, Coleman P, Desine S, Ruderfer DM, Hernandez J, Schneider LD, Brittain EL. Sleep patterns and risk of chronic disease as measured by long-term monitoring with commercial wearable devices in the All of Us Research Program. Nat Med. 2024;30(9):2648-2656. doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03155-8

2024
Research article

Hypoventilation training including maximal end-expiratory breath holding improves the ability to repeat high-intensity efforts in elite judo athletes

Woorons X, Faucher C, Dufour SP, Brocherie F, Robach P, Connes P, Brugniaux JV, Verges S, Gaston AF, Millet G, Dupuy O, Pichon A. Hypoventilation training including maximal end-expiratory breath holding improves the ability to repeat high-intensity efforts in elite judo athletes. Front Physiol. 2024;15:1441696. doi:10.3389/fphys.2024.1441696

2023
Research article

Increased rates of brain protein synthesis during [N1,N2] sleep: L-[1-11C]leucine PET studies in human subjects

Picchioni D, Schmidt KC, Loutaev I, et al. Increased rates of brain protein synthesis during [N1,N2] sleep. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 2023;43(1):59-71.

2023
Review or synthesis

Enhanced expiratory rebreathing space for high loop gain sleep apnea treatment

Quinn T, Thomas RJ, Heckman EJ. Enhanced expiratory rebreathing space for high loop gain sleep apnea treatment. Front Sleep. 2023;2:1248371. doi:10.3389/frsle.2023.1248371

The article matching this title is authored by Quinn T, Thomas RJ, and Heckman EJ, not the listed Thomas/Bianchi/Engleman authors.
2022
Research article

Orexin facilitates the ventilatory and behavioral responses of rats to hypoxia

Spinieli RL, Ben Musa R, Cornelius-Green J, Hasser EM, Cummings KJ. Orexin facilitates the ventilatory and behavioral responses of rats to hypoxia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2022;322(6):R581-R596. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00334.2021

2022
Cross-sectional human observational study

Association of Sleep, Neuropsychological Performance, and Gray Matter Volume With Glymphatic Function in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Siow TK, Toh CH, Hsu JL, et al. Association of sleep, neuropsychological performance, and gray matter volume with glymphatic function. Neurology. 2022.

Verified first author initials are TY (not TK); study used a DTI-ALPS proxy rather than a direct measurement of clearance.
2021
Research article

RNA-Seq analysis of knocking out the neuroprotective proton-sensitive GPR68 on basal and acute ischemia-induced transcriptome changes and signaling in mouse brain

Zhou G, Wang T, Zha XM. RNA-Seq analysis of knocking out the neuroprotective proton-sensitive GPR68 on basal and acute ischemia-induced transcriptome changes and signaling in mouse brain. FASEB J. 2021;35(4):e21461. doi:10.1096/fj.202002511r

2021
Mouse fear-memory experiment

Post-acquisition CO2 Inhalation Enhances Fear Memory and Depends on ASIC1A

Taugher RJ, Wunsch AM, Wang GZ, Chan AC, Dlouhy BJ, Wemmie JA. Post-acquisition CO2 Inhalation Enhances Fear Memory and Depends on ASIC1A. Front Behav Neurosci. 2021;15:767426. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2021.767426

2021
Research article

Mutations in Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1 Contribute to Natural Short Sleep Trait

Shi G, Yin C, Fan Z, Xing L, Mostovoy Y, Kwok PY, Ashbrook LH, Krystal AD, Ptáček LJ, Fu YH. Mutations in Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1 Contribute to Natural Short Sleep Trait. Curr Biol. 2021;31(1):13-24.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.071

2021
Review or synthesis

Effects of Cannabinoids on Sleep and their Therapeutic Potential for Sleep Disorders

Kaul M, Zee PC, Sahni AS. Effects of Cannabinoids on Sleep and their Therapeutic Potential for Sleep Disorders. Neurotherapeutics. 2021;18(1):217-227. doi:10.1007/s13311-021-01013-w

The article matching this title and journal is authored by Kaul M, Zee PC, and Sahni AS, not the listed Suraev/Marshall/Grunstein authors.
2021
Human clinical trial

Effect of the new dual orexin receptor antagonist daridorexant on nighttime respiratory function and sleep in patients with mild and moderate obstructive sleep apnea

Boof ML, Dingemanse J, Lederer K, Fietze I, Ufer M. Effect of the new dual orexin receptor antagonist daridorexant on nighttime respiratory function and sleep in patients with mild and moderate obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 2021;44(6):zsaa275. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa275

2021
Randomized human study using wrist actigraphy

Does iPhone night shift mitigate negative effects of smartphone use on sleep outcomes in emerging adults?

Duraccio KM, Zaugg KK, Blackburn RC, Jensen CD. Does iPhone night shift mitigate negative effects of smartphone use on sleep outcomes in emerging adults?. Sleep Health. 2021;7(4):478-484. doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2021.03.005

Supplemental editorial source. Actigraphy outcomes do not establish null effects on REM stage physiology.
Related source · linked for context
2021
Review; relevant prior synthesis

Breathing Re-Education and Phenotypes of Sleep Apnea: A Review

McKeown P, O'Connor-Reina C, Plaza G. Breathing Re-Education and Phenotypes of Sleep Apnea: A Review. J Clin Med. 2021;10(3):471. doi:10.3390/jcm10030471

2020
Review or synthesis

Orexin Receptor Antagonists as Emerging Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders

Han Y, Yuan K, Zheng Y, Lu L. Orexin Receptor Antagonists as Emerging Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders. Neurosci Bull. 2020;36(4):432-448. doi:10.1007/s12264-019-00447-9

The source is a 2020 issue article (online 2019); title is Orexin Receptor Antagonists as Emerging Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders.
2020
Research article

Impact of Hypoventilation Training on Muscle Oxygenation, Myoelectrical Changes, Systemic [K<sup>+</sup>], and Repeated-Sprint Ability in Basketball Players

Lapointe J, Paradis-Deschênes P, Woorons X, Lemaître F, Billaut F. Impact of Hypoventilation Training on Muscle Oxygenation, Myoelectrical Changes, Systemic [K<sup>+</sup>], and Repeated-Sprint Ability in Basketball Players. Front Sports Act Living. 2020;2:29. doi:10.3389/fspor.2020.00029

2019
Research article

Mutant neuropeptide S receptor reduces sleep duration with preserved memory consolidation

Xing L, Shi G, Mostovoy Y, Gentry NW, Fan Z, McMahon TB, Kwok PY, Jones CR, Ptáček LJ, Fu YH. Mutant neuropeptide S receptor reduces sleep duration with preserved memory consolidation. Sci Transl Med. 2019;11(514):eaax2014. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aax2014

2019
Research article

A Rare Mutation of β1-Adrenergic Receptor Affects Sleep/Wake Behaviors

Shi G, Xing L, Wu D, Bhattacharyya BJ, Jones CR, McMahon T, Chong SYC, Chen JA, Coppola G, Geschwind D, Krystal A, Ptáček LJ, Fu YH. A Rare Mutation of β1-Adrenergic Receptor Affects Sleep/Wake Behaviors. Neuron. 2019;103(6):1044-1055.e7. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.026

2018
Research article

Phenotyping Pharyngeal Pathophysiology using Polysomnography in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Sands SA, Edwards BA, Terrill PI, Taranto-Montemurro L, Azarbarzin A, Marques M, Hess LB, White DP, Wellman A. Phenotyping Pharyngeal Pathophysiology using Polysomnography in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197(9):1187-1197. doi:10.1164/rccm.201707-1435oc

2018
Review or synthesis

Inherent vs. Induced Loop Gain Abnormalities in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Deacon-Diaz N, Malhotra A. Inherent vs. Induced Loop Gain Abnormalities in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Front Neurol. 2018;9:896. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00896

The article matching this title is authored by Deacon-Diaz N and Malhotra A, not the listed Edwards/Sands/Owens authors.
2018
Small human physiological study with CPAP follow-up

Daytime loop gain is elevated in obstructive sleep apnea but not reduced by CPAP treatment

Deacon-Diaz NL, Sands SA, McEvoy RD, Catcheside PG. Daytime loop gain is elevated in obstructive sleep apnea but not reduced by CPAP treatment. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2018;125(5):1490-1497. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00175.2018

2018
Human physiological association study; 20 participants

Breath-holding as a means to estimate the loop gain contribution to obstructive sleep apnoea

Messineo L, Taranto-Montemurro L, Azarbarzin A, Oliveira Marques MD, Calianese N, White DP, Wellman A, Sands SA. Breath-holding as a means to estimate the loop gain contribution to obstructive sleep apnoea. J Physiol. 2018;596(17):4043-4056. doi:10.1113/jp276206

Pharmacological recalibration reference gives a different title and incorrect volume/pages; verified article is 596(17):4043–4056. Maximal breath-hold testing was evaluated as a marker of loop gain, not as a therapeutic training intervention.
2018
Randomized placebo-controlled human trial

Augmenting treatment efficiency in exposure therapy for PTSD: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of yohimbine HCl

14. Tuerk PW et al. (2018). Yohimbine augmentation of exposure therapy for combat-related PTSD. Behav Res Ther.

Verified article appeared in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 47(5):351–371; the supplied Behavior Research and Therapy journal is incorrect.
2017
Research article

Why Sleep Matters-The Economic Costs of Insufficient Sleep: A Cross-Country Comparative Analysis

10. Hafner M, Stepanek M, Taylor J, Troxel WM, van Stolk C. Why sleep matters: the economic costs of insufficient sleep. Rand Health Q. 2017;6(4):11.

2016
Review or synthesis

Respiratory Changes in Response to Cognitive Load: A Systematic Review

Grassmann M, Vlemincx E, von Leupoldt A, Mittelstädt JM, Van den Bergh O. Respiratory Changes in Response to Cognitive Load: A Systematic Review. Neural Plast. 2016;2016:8146809. doi:10.1155/2016/8146809

2016
Research article

Orexinergic system in the locus coeruleus modulates the CO2 ventilatory response

Vicente MC, Dias MB, Fonseca EM, Bícego KC, Gargaglioni LH. Orexinergic system in the locus coeruleus modulates the CO2 ventilatory response. Pflugers Arch. 2016;468(5):763-774. doi:10.1007/s00424-016-1793-x

2016
Review or synthesis

New Approaches to Diagnosing Sleep-Disordered Breathing

Sands SA, Owens RL, Malhotra A. New approaches to diagnosing sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep Med Clin. 2022;17(4):603-618.

The cited title and authors resolve to a 2016 article, Sleep Med Clin 11(2):143–152, not the supplied 2022;17(4):603–618 citation.
2016
Rat intrathecal pharmacology experiment

Intrathecal Intermittent Orexin-A Causes Sympathetic Long-Term Facilitation and Sensitizes the Peripheral Chemoreceptor Response to Hypoxia in Rats

Kim SJ, Pilowsky PM, Farnham MM. Intrathecal Intermittent Orexin-A Causes Sympathetic Long-Term Facilitation and Sensitizes the Peripheral Chemoreceptor Response to Hypoxia in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2016;358(3):492-501. doi:10.1124/jpet.116.234443

2016
Research article

Coexpression of Galanin and Nestin in the Chemoreceptor Cells of the Human Carotid Body

Mazzatenta A, Marconi GD, Macchi V, Porzionato A, Cataldi A, Di Giulio C, Pokorski M. Coexpression of Galanin and Nestin in the Chemoreceptor Cells of the Human Carotid Body. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016;885:77-82. doi:10.1007/5584_2015_189

2016
Research article

Changes in Galanin Systems in a Rat Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Barnabas K, Zhang L, Wang H, Kirouac G, Vrontakis M. Changes in Galanin Systems in a Rat Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PLoS One. 2016;11(12):e0167569. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167569

2015
Research article

Selective Expression of Galanin in Neuronal-Like Cells of the Human Carotid Body

Di Giulio C, Marconi GD, Zara S, Di Tano A, Porzionato A, Pokorski M, Cataldi A, Mazzatenta A. Selective Expression of Galanin in Neuronal-Like Cells of the Human Carotid Body. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2015;860:315-323. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18440-1_36

2015
Professional consensus statement

Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: A Joint Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society

Watson NF, et al. Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult. Sleep. 2015;38(6):843-844.

2015
Randomized within-participant human laboratory study

Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness

Chang AM, Aeschbach D, Duffy JF, Czeisler CA. Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(4):1232-1237. doi:10.1073/pnas.1418490112

Supplemental editorial source.
Related source · linked for context
2015
Small human paced-breathing sleep study

Efficacy of paced breathing for insomnia: enhances vagal activity and improves sleep quality

Tsai HJ, Kuo TB, Lee GS, Yang CC. Efficacy of paced breathing for insomnia: enhances vagal activity and improves sleep quality. Psychophysiology. 2015;52(3):388-396. doi:10.1111/psyp.12333

2015
Human clinical trial

Effects of suvorexant, an orexin receptor antagonist, on breathing during sleep in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Sun H, Palcza J, Rosenberg R, Kryger M, Siringhaus T, Rowe J, Lines C, Wagner JA, Troyer MD. Effects of suvorexant, an orexin receptor antagonist, on breathing during sleep in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 2015;109(3):416-426. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2014.12.010

2015
Research article

Clinical Use of Loop Gain Measures to Determine Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Efficacy in Patients with Complex Sleep Apnea. A Pilot Study

Stanchina M, Robinson K, Corrao W, Donat W, Sands S, Malhotra A. Clinical Use of Loop Gain Measures to Determine Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Efficacy in Patients with Complex Sleep Apnea. A Pilot Study. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015;12(9):1351-1357. doi:10.1513/annalsats.201410-469bc

2014
Human clinical trial

Yohimbine enhancement of exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial

13. Smits JAJ et al. (2014). Yohimbine enhancement of exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder. Biol Psychiatry, 75(11):840-846.

2014
Review or synthesis

The effects of cannabinoid administration on sleep: a systematic review of human studies

Gates PJ, Albertella L, Copeland J. The effects of cannabinoid administration on sleep: a systematic review of human studies. Sleep Med Rev. 2014;18(6):477-487. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.02.005

2014
Mouse mechanistic anxiety-related behavior experiment

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is critical for anxiety-related behavior evoked by CO2 and acidosis

Taugher RJ, Lu Y, Wang Y, Kreple CJ, Ghobbeh A, Fan R, Sowers LP, Wemmie JA. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is critical for anxiety-related behavior evoked by CO2 and acidosis. J Neurosci. 2014;34(31):10247-10255. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1680-14.2014

2014
Human observational sleep-signal analysis

Relationship between delta power and the electrocardiogram-derived cardiopulmonary spectrogram: possible implications for assessing the effectiveness of sleep

Thomas RJ, Mietus JE, Peng CK, Guo D, Gozal D, Montgomery-Downs H, Gottlieb DJ, Wang CY, Goldberger AL. Relationship between delta power and the electrocardiogram-derived cardiopulmonary spectrogram. Sleep Medicine. 2014;15(1):125-131.

2014
Review or synthesis

Physiology in medicine: obstructive sleep apnea pathogenesis and treatment--considerations beyond airway anatomy

Dempsey JA, Xie A, Patz DS, Wang D. Physiology in medicine: obstructive sleep apnea pathogenesis and treatment--considerations beyond airway anatomy. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2014;116(1):3-12. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01054.2013

2014
Research article

In the carotid body, galanin is a signal for neurogenesis in young, and for neurodegeneration in the old and in drug-addicted subjects

7. Mazzatenta A et al. (2014). In the carotid body, galanin is a signal for neurogenesis. Front Physiol, 5:427.

2014
Research literature; design not yet verified

ASICs modulate GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the basolateral amygdala

Pidoplichko VI, Bhatt DK, Bhatt DK, et al. (2014). ASICs modulate GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the basolateral amygdala. Neuropharmacology, 77:46-57.

Original citation not exactly verified. Related verified source is linked separately; the main link remains a title search.
The supplied reference has not been matched confidently to a direct article record. The link performs a title search.
2014
Research article

A novel BHLHE41 variant is associated with short sleep and resistance to sleep deprivation in humans

Pellegrino R, Kavakli IH, Goel N, Cardinale CJ, Dinges DF, Kuna ST, Maislin G, Van Dongen HP, Tufik S, Hogenesch JB, Hakonarson H, Pack AI. A novel BHLHE41 variant is associated with short sleep and resistance to sleep deprivation in humans. Sleep. 2014;37(8):1327-1336. doi:10.5665/sleep.3924

2013
Research article

Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain

Xie L, Kang H, Xu Q, Chen MJ, Liao Y, Thiyagarajan M, O'Donnell J, Christensen DJ, Nicholson C, Iliff JJ, Takano T, Deane R, Nedergaard M. Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science. 2013;342(6156):373-377. doi:10.1126/science.1241224

2013
Research article

Loss of Acid sensing ion channel-1a and bicarbonate administration attenuate the severity of traumatic brain injury

Yin T, Lindley TE, Albert GW, Ahmed R, Schmeiser PB, Grady MS, Howard MA, Welsh MJ. Loss of Acid sensing ion channel-1a and bicarbonate administration attenuate the severity of traumatic brain injury. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e72379. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072379

2013
Review or synthesis

Insomnia with objective short sleep duration: the most biologically severe phenotype of the disorder

Vgontzas AN, Fernandez-Mendoza J, et al. Insomnia with objective short sleep duration: the most biologically severe phenotype. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2013.

2013
Research article

Defining phenotypic causes of obstructive sleep apnea. Identification of novel therapeutic targets

Eckert DJ, White DP, Jordan AS, Malhotra A, Wellman A. Defining phenotypic causes of obstructive sleep apnea. Identification of novel therapeutic targets. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188(8):996-1004. doi:10.1164/rccm.201303-0448oc

2013
Research article

Cerebral arterial pulsation drives paravascular CSF-interstitial fluid exchange in the murine brain

Iliff JJ, Wang M, Zeppenfeld DM, Venkataraman A, Plog BA, Liao Y, Deane R, Nedergaard M. Cerebral arterial pulsation drives paravascular CSF-interstitial fluid exchange in the murine brain. J Neurosci. 2013;33(46):18190-18199. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1592-13.2013

2013
Research article

Acetazolamide impairs fear memory consolidation in rodents

Yang MT, Chien WL, Lu DH, Liou HC, Fu WM. (2013). Acetazolamide impairs fear memory consolidation. Neuropharmacology, 67:412-418.

2012
Review or synthesis

Role of central/peripheral chemoreceptors and their interdependence in the pathophysiology of sleep apnea

Dempsey JA, Smith CA, Blain GM, Xie A, Gong Y, Teodorescu M. Role of central/peripheral chemoreceptors and their interdependence in the pathophysiology of sleep apnea. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2012;758:343-349. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4584-1_46

2012
Research article

Receptor subtype-dependent galanin actions on gamma-aminobutyric acidergic neurotransmission and ethanol responses in the central amygdala

Bajo M, Madamba SG, Lu X, Sharkey LM, Bartfai T, Siggins GR. Receptor subtype-dependent galanin actions on gamma-aminobutyric acidergic neurotransmission and ethanol responses in the central amygdala. Addict Biol. 2012;17(4):694-705. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00360.x

The source is a 2012 issue article (online 2011) with a longer title mentioning ethanol responses; the supplied short title is incomplete.
2012
Research article

Behavioural hyperventilation as a novel clinical condition associated with central sleep apnoea: a report of three cases

Pevernagie D, Mariman A, Vandenbussche N, Tobback E, Overeem S, Delesie L, Janssen H, Vogelaers D. Behavioural hyperventilation as a novel clinical condition associated with central sleep apnoea: a report of three cases. Sleep Med. 2012;13(10):1317-1320. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.08.007

2012
Research article

Association of sleep duration with chronic diseases in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam study

von Ruesten A, Weikert C, Fietze I, Boeing H. Association of sleep duration with chronic diseases. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(1):e30972.

2012
Review proposing a mechanism

A Moderate Increase of Physiological CO(2) in a Critical Range during Stable NREM Sleep Episode: A Potential Gateway to REM Sleep

Madan V, Jha SK. A Moderate Increase of Physiological CO(2) in a Critical Range during Stable NREM Sleep Episode: A Potential Gateway to REM Sleep. Front Neurol. 2012;3:19. doi:10.3389/fneur.2012.00019

This is a review proposing a potential gateway to REM sleep; the supplied title overstates it as a demonstrated trigger.
2011
Review or synthesis

Normal human sleep: an overview

36. Carskadon MA, Dement WC. Normal human sleep: an overview. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, eds. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 5th ed. Elsevier Saunders; 2011:16-26.

The supplied reference has not been matched confidently to a direct article record. The link performs a title search.
2011
Research article

Loop gain as a means to predict a positive airway pressure suppression of Cheyne-Stokes respiration in patients with heart failure

Sands SA, Edwards BA, Kee K, Turton A, Skuza EM, Roebuck T, O'Driscoll DM, Hamilton GS, Naughton MT, Berger PJ. Loop gain as a means to predict a positive airway pressure suppression of Cheyne-Stokes respiration in patients with heart failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(9):1067-1075. doi:10.1164/rccm.201103-0577oc

2011
Research article

Extracellular spermine exacerbates ischemic neuronal injury through sensitization of ASIC1a channels to extracellular acidosis

Duan B, Wang YZ, Yang T, Chu XP, Yu Y, Huang Y, Cao H, Hansen J, Simon RP, Zhu MX, Xiong ZG, Xu TL. Extracellular spermine exacerbates ischemic neuronal injury through sensitization of ASIC1a channels to extracellular acidosis. J Neurosci. 2011;31(6):2101-2112. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4351-10.2011

2010
Research article

Treatment of positive airway pressure treatment-associated respiratory instability with enhanced expiratory rebreathing space (EERS)

Gilmartin G, McGeehan B, Vigneault K, Daly RW, Manento M, Weiss JW, Thomas RJ. Treatment of positive airway pressure treatment-associated respiratory instability with enhanced expiratory rebreathing space (EERS). J Clin Sleep Med. 2010;6(6):529-538. doi:10.5664/jcsm.27984

2010
Review or synthesis

Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies

Cappuccio FP, D'Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA. Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep. 2010;33(5):585-592.

2010
Research article

Respiratory, autonomic, and experiential responses to repeated inhalations of 20% CO₂ enriched air in panic disorder, social phobia, and healthy controls

Blechert J, Wilhelm FH, Meuret AE, Wilhelm EM, Roth WT. Respiratory, autonomic, and experiential responses to repeated inhalations of 20% CO₂ enriched air in panic disorder, social phobia, and healthy controls. Biol Psychol. 2010;84(1):104-111. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.01.002

The full verified title includes experiential responses, 20% CO2, social phobia, and healthy controls.
2010
Research article

Expression and distribution of galanin receptor subtypes in the rat carotid body

Porzionato A, Macchi V, Barzon L, Masi G, Belloni A, Parenti A, Palù G, De Caro R. Expression and distribution of galanin receptor subtypes in the rat carotid body. Mol Med Rep. 2010;3(1):37-41. doi:10.3892/mmr_00000215

2010
Rat pharmacology experiment

Antagonism of rat orexin receptors by almorexant attenuates central chemoreception in wakefulness in the active period of the diurnal cycle

Li A, Nattie E. Antagonism of rat orexin receptors by almorexant attenuates central chemoreception in wakefulness in the active period of the diurnal cycle. J Physiol. 2010;588(Pt 15):2935-2944. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2010.191288

2009
Research article

The transcriptional repressor DEC2 regulates sleep length in mammals

He Y, Jones CR, Fujiki N, Xu Y, Guo B, Holder JL, Rossner MJ, Nishino S, Fu YH. The transcriptional repressor DEC2 regulates sleep length in mammals. Science. 2009;325(5942):866-870. doi:10.1126/science.1174443

2009
Mouse mechanistic fear experiment

The amygdala is a chemosensor that detects carbon dioxide and acidosis to elicit fear behavior

Ziemann AE, Allen JE, Dahdaleh NS, Drebot II, Coryell MW, Wunsch AM, Lynch CM, Faraci FM, Howard MA, Welsh MJ, Wemmie JA. The amygdala is a chemosensor that detects carbon dioxide and acidosis to elicit fear behavior. Cell. 2009;139(5):1012-1021. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.10.029

2009
Research article

Influence of cerebral blood flow on breathing stability

Xie A, Skatrud JB, Barczi SR, Reichmuth K, Morgan BJ, Mont S, Dempsey JA. Influence of cerebral blood flow on breathing stability. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009;106(3):850-856. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90914.2008

2009
Rat pharmacology experiment

Galanin microinjection into the PreBötzinger or the Bötzinger Complex terminates central inspiratory activity and reduces responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in rat

Abbott SB, Burke PG, Pilowsky PM. Galanin microinjection into the PreBötzinger or the Bötzinger Complex terminates central inspiratory activity and reduces responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in rat. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2009;167(3):299-306. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2009.06.003

2009
Rat anatomical marker study

Galanin is a selective marker of the retrotrapezoid nucleus in rats

Stornetta RL, Spirovski D, Moreira TS, Takakura AC, West GH, Gwilt JM, Pilowsky PM, Guyenet PG. Galanin is a selective marker of the retrotrapezoid nucleus in rats. J Comp Neurol. 2009;512(3):373-383. doi:10.1002/cne.21897

The source is J Comp Neurol 512(3):373–383 (2009; online 2008). Amygdala bibliography uses 2008.
2009
Human clinical trial

Facilitation of fear extinction in phobic participants with a novel cognitive enhancer: a randomized placebo controlled trial of yohimbine augmentation

12. Powers MB, Smits JAJ, Otto MW, Sanders C, Emmelkamp PMG (2009). Facilitation of fear extinction in phobic participants with a novel cognitive enhancer. J Anxiety Disord, 23(6):741-745.

Verified article is J Anxiety Disord 23(3):350–356; supplied 23(6):741–745 pages are incorrect.
2008
Mouse intermittent-hypoxia physiology experiment

Ventilatory long-term facilitation in mice can be observed during both sleep and wake periods and depends on orexin

Terada J, Nakamura A, Zhang W, Yanagisawa M, Kuriyama T, Fukuda Y, Kuwaki T. Ventilatory long-term facilitation in mice can be observed during both sleep and wake periods and depends on orexin. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2008;104(2):499-507. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00919.2007

Supplemental editorial source; distinct from the spinal sympathetic endpoint in Kim 2016.
Related source · linked for context
2008
Research article

Self-reported and measured sleep duration: how similar are they?

Lauderdale DS, Knutson KL, Yan LL, Liu K, Rathouz PJ. Self-reported and measured sleep duration: how similar are they?. Epidemiology. 2008;19(6):838-845. doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e318187a7b0

2008
Review or synthesis

Central sleep apnea and Cheyne-Stokes respiration

Yumino D, Bradley TD. Central sleep apnea and Cheyne-Stokes respiration. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5(2):226-236. doi:10.1513/pats.200708-129mg

Verified authors are Yumino D and Bradley TD, not Bradley and Floras.
2007
Research article

Control of hypothalamic orexin neurons by acid and CO2

Williams RH, Jensen LT, Verkhratsky A, Fugger L, Burdakov D. Control of hypothalamic orexin neurons by acid and CO2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(25):10685-10690. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702676104

2006
Review or synthesis

Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis

Tononi G, Cirelli C. Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis. Sleep Med Rev. 2006;10(1):49-62. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2005.05.002

2006
Research article

Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypertension: analyses of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Gangwisch JE, et al. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypertension. Hypertension. 2006;47(5):833-839.

2005
Steady-state physiological mathematical model

Role of acid-base balance in the chemoreflex control of breathing

Duffin J. Role of acid-base balance in the chemoreflex control of breathing. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005;99(6):2255-2265. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00640.2005

2005
Review or synthesis

An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: adaptive gain and optimal performance

1. Aston-Jones G, Cohen JD (2005). An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function. Annu Rev Neurosci, 28:403-450.

2005
Research article

An electrocardiogram-based technique to assess cardiopulmonary coupling during sleep

Thomas RJ, Mietus JE, Peng CK, Goldberger AL. An electrocardiogram-based technique to assess cardiopulmonary coupling during sleep. Sleep. 2005;28(9):1151-1161. doi:10.1093/sleep/28.9.1151

2004
Review or synthesis

Red blood cell pH, the Bohr effect, and other oxygenation-linked phenomena in blood O2 and CO2 transport

Jensen FB. Red blood cell pH, the Bohr effect, and other oxygenation-linked phenomena in blood O2 and CO2 transport. Acta Physiol Scand. 2004;182(3):215-227. doi:10.1111/j.1365-201x.2004.01361.x

2004
Review or synthesis

Meta-analysis of quantitative sleep parameters from childhood to old age in healthy individuals: developing normative sleep values across the human lifespan

Ohayon MM, Carskadon MA, Guilleminault C, Vitiello MV. Meta-analysis of quantitative sleep parameters from childhood to old age. Sleep. 2004;27(7):1255-1273.

2004
Research article

Hypoxia-mediated prolonged elevation of sympathetic nerve activity after periods of intermittent hypoxic apnea

Cutler MJ, Swift NM, Keller DM, Wasmund WL, Smith ML. Hypoxia-mediated prolonged elevation of sympathetic nerve activity after periods of intermittent hypoxic apnea. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004;96(2):754-761. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00506.2003

2004
Review or synthesis

Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research

Dickerson SS, Kemeny ME. Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychol Bull. 2004;130(3):355-391. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355

2003
Review or synthesis

Neuroplasticity in respiratory motor control

Mitchell GS, Johnson SM. Neuroplasticity in respiratory motor control. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003;94(1):358-374. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00523.2002

2003
Research literature; design not yet verified

Effects of mental workload stress on end-tidal CO2 in computer work

16. Schleifer LM, Spalding TW, Hatfield BD, Kerick SE, Ley R. Effects of mental workload stress on end-tidal CO2 in computer work. Biol Psychol. 2003;62:234-235. (Related: Schleifer LM, Ley R. End-tidal PCO2 as an index of psychophysiological activity during VDT data-entry work and relaxation. Ergonomics. 1994;37(2):245-254; Schleifer LM, Ley R, Spalding TW. A hyperventilation theory of job stress and musculoskeletal disorders. Am J Ind Med. 2002;41(5):420-432.)

Original citation not exactly verified. Related verified sources are linked separately; the main link remains a title search.
The supplied reference has not been matched confidently to a direct article record. The link performs a title search.
2003
Research article

Acidosis inhibits oxidative phosphorylation in contracting human skeletal muscle in vivo

Jubrias SA, Crowther GJ, Shankland EG, Gronka RK, Conley KE. Acidosis inhibits oxidative phosphorylation in contracting human skeletal muscle in vivo. J Physiol. 2003;553(Pt 2):589-599. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.045872

2001
Human clinical trial

Exposure to hypoxia produces long-lasting sympathetic activation in humans

Xie A, Skatrud JB, Puleo DS, Morgan BJ. Exposure to hypoxia produces long-lasting sympathetic activation in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2001;91(4):1555-1562. doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.4.1555

2001
Research article

Chemical control stability in patients with obstructive sleep apnea

Younes M, Ostrowski M, Thompson W, Leslie C, Shewchuk W. Chemical control stability in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(5):1181-1190. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.163.5.2007013

2001
Review or synthesis

An energy budget for signaling in the grey matter of the brain

Attwell D, Laughlin SB. An energy budget for signaling in the grey matter of the brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2001;21(10):1133-1145. doi:10.1097/00004647-200110000-00001

2000
Research literature; design not yet verified

Slow breathing reduces chemoreflex sensitivity

Bernardi L, Spicuzza L, et al. Slow breathing reduces chemoreflex sensitivity. The Lancet. 2000.

Original citation not exactly verified. Related verified sources are linked separately; the main link remains a title search.
The supplied reference has not been matched confidently to a direct article record. The link performs a title search.
1999
Human passive-hyperventilation physiology experiment

Ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia after 6 h passive hyperventilation in humans

Ren X, Robbins PA. Ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia after 6 h passive hyperventilation in humans. J Physiol. 1999;514 ( Pt 3):885-894. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.885ad.x

1999
Research article

Response patterns to repeated CO2 inhalation in individuals with high anxiety sensitivity

Beck JG, Shipherd JC, Read J. Response patterns to repeated CO2 inhalation in individuals with high anxiety sensitivity. Behav Res Ther. 1999;37(11):1073-1089. doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00196-x

1999
Review or synthesis

Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use

Fredholm BB, Bättig K, Holmén J, Nehlig A, Zvartau EE. Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use. Pharmacol Rev. 1999;51(1):83-133. doi:10.1016/s0031-6997(24)01396-6

1999
Research article

A mechanism of central sleep apnea in patients with heart failure

Javaheri S. A mechanism of central sleep apnea in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(13):949-954. doi:10.1056/nejm199909233411304

1998
Review or synthesis

Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load

McEwen BS. Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998;840:33-44. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x

1996
Review or synthesis

The pathophysiology of hyperventilation disorders

Gardner WN. The pathophysiology of hyperventilation disorders. Chest. 1996;109(2):516-534. doi:10.1378/chest.109.2.516

1996
Research literature; design not yet verified

Short and long sleepers: is the quest for sleep need just a matter of time?

Dijk DJ, Aeschbach D. Short and long sleepers: is the quest for sleep need just a matter of time? Sleep. 1996 (data reported in Aeschbach et al., J Neurosci, 1996;16:6465-6475).

Original citation not exactly verified. Related verified source is linked separately; the main link remains a title search.
The supplied reference has not been matched confidently to a direct article record. The link performs a title search.
1996
Research literature; design not yet verified

Combined treatment with acetazolamide and medroxyprogesterone in COPD

Wagenaar M, Vos P, Heijdra YF, et al. (1996). Combined treatment with acetazolamide and medroxyprogesterone in COPD. Eur Respir J, 9:131.

Original citation not exactly verified. Related verified source is linked separately; the main link remains a title search.
The supplied reference has not been matched confidently to a direct article record. The link performs a title search.
1995
Research article

Contribution of the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat to sleep propensity, sleep structure, electroencephalographic slow waves, and sleep spindle activity in humans

Dijk DJ, Czeisler CA. Contribution of the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat to sleep propensity, sleep structure, electroencephalographic slow waves, and sleep spindle activity in humans. J Neurosci. 1995;15(5 Pt 1):3526-3538. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-05-03526.1995

1995
Human clinical trial

Central apnea index decreases after prolonged treatment with acetazolamide

DeBacker WA, Verbraecken J, Willemen M, Wittesaele W, DeCock W, Van deHeyning P. Central apnea index decreases after prolonged treatment with acetazolamide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151(1):87-91. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.151.1.7812578

1994
Research article

pH control in rat skeletal muscle during exercise, recovery from exercise, and acute respiratory acidosis

Kemp GJ, Thompson CH, Sanderson AL, Radda GK. pH control in rat skeletal muscle during exercise, recovery from exercise, and acute respiratory acidosis. Magn Reson Med. 1994;31(2):103-109. doi:10.1002/mrm.1910310203

1994
Research article

Ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia in elite breath-hold divers

Grassi B, Ferretti G, Costa M, Ferrigno M, Panzacchi A, Lundgren CE, Marconi C, Cerretelli P. Ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia in elite breath-hold divers. Respir Physiol. 1994;97(3):323-332. doi:10.1016/0034-5687(94)90068-x

1993
Research article

The effect of acetazolamide on ventilation in panic disorder patients

Gorman JM, Papp LA, Coplan J, Martinez J, Liebowitz MR, Klein DF. The effect of acetazolamide on ventilation in panic disorder patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(10):1480-1484. doi:10.1176/ajp.150.10.1480

1993
Research article

Absence of phosphocreatine resynthesis in human calf muscle during ischaemic recovery

Quistorff B, Johansen L, Sahlin K. Absence of phosphocreatine resynthesis in human calf muscle during ischaemic recovery. Biochem J. 1993;291 ( Pt 3):681-686. doi:10.1042/bj2910681

1993
Research article

A cause of excessive daytime sleepiness. The upper airway resistance syndrome

Guilleminault C, Stoohs R, Clerk A, Cetel M, Maistros P. A cause of excessive daytime sleepiness. The upper airway resistance syndrome. Chest. 1993;104(3):781-787. doi:10.1378/chest.104.3.781

1991
Research article

Use of graded exercise to evaluate physiological hyperreactivity to mental stress

Delistraty DA, Greene WA, Carlberg KA, Raver KK. Use of graded exercise to evaluate physiological hyperreactivity to mental stress. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;23(4):476-481. doi:10.1249/00005768-199104000-00014

1991
Human chronic-hypocapnia physiology experiment

Chronic respiratory alkalosis. The effect of sustained hyperventilation on renal regulation of acid-base equilibrium

Krapf R, Beeler I, Hertner D, Hulter HN. Chronic respiratory alkalosis. The effect of sustained hyperventilation on renal regulation of acid-base equilibrium. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(20):1394-1401. doi:10.1056/nejm199105163242003

1990
Human clinical trial

Effect of caffeine on ventilatory responses to hypercapnia, hypoxia, and exercise in humans

D'Urzo AD, Jhirad R, Jenne H, Avendano MA, Rubinstein I, D'Costa M, Goldstein RS. Effect of caffeine on ventilatory responses to hypercapnia, hypoxia, and exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1990;68(1):322-328. doi:10.1152/jappl.1990.68.1.322

1987
Research article

EEG power density during nap sleep: reflection of an hourglass measuring the duration of prior wakefulness

Dijk DJ, Beersma DG, Daan S. EEG power density during nap sleep: reflection of an hourglass measuring the duration of prior wakefulness. J Biol Rhythms. 1987;2(3):207-219. doi:10.1177/074873048700200304

1982
Research article

Children and nocturnal snoring: evaluation of the effects of sleep related respiratory resistive load and daytime functioning

Guilleminault C, Winkle R, Korobkin R, Simmons B. Children and nocturnal snoring: evaluation of the effects of sleep related respiratory resistive load and daytime functioning. Eur J Pediatr. 1982;139(3):165-171. doi:10.1007/bf01377349

1982
Research article

Central sleep apnea. Improvement with acetazolamide therapy

White DP, Zwillich CW, Pickett CK, Douglas NJ, Findley LJ, Weil JV. Central sleep apnea. Improvement with acetazolamide therapy. Arch Intern Med. 1982;142(10):1816-1819. doi:10.1001/archinte.1982.00340230056012

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Official prescribing information

ZURZUVAE (zuranolone) prescribing information

U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. ZURZUVAE (zuranolone) current prescribing information. Accessed 18 October 2026.

Supplemental editorial source. Indication is postpartum depression in adults; mechanism in PPD is not fully understood. Current online label accessed 18 October 2026; do not treat access year as the label publication year.
Related source · linked for context

Search across the complete manuscripts and explanatory pages.